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Each function calculates a distance between the two phrases that is an indicator of the degree of incompatibility between the two phrases with respect to what causes erectile dysfunction in males buy online viagra plus a particular feature erectile dysfunction quick remedy order viagra plus 400mg on-line. The reason for the negative value returned is that if the two phrases match on this particular feature free erectile dysfunction drugs viagra plus 400 mg amex, then it is a strong indicator of coreference. Therefore, we reduce the distance between two phrases, making it more likely that they will be clustered together into the same entity. A positive value results in a greater distance between two phrases, which makes it less likely for them to be clustered together. Most of the previous work in clustering-based noun phrase coreference resolution has centered around the use of bottom-up clustering methods, where each noun phrase is initially assigned to a singleton cluster by itself, and clusters which are "close enough" to each other are merged (Cardie & Wagstaff, 1999; Angheluta et al. In our system, we use a method called modified k-means clustering (Wilpon & Rabiner 1985), which takes the opposite approach and uses a top-down approach to split clusters, interleaved with a k-means iterative phase. Modified k-means clustering has been successfully applied to speech recognition and it has the advantage of always being able to come to the optimal clustering. For each cluster, find its centroid, defined as the instance which is the closest to all other instances in the same cluster. From the instances inside Clustermax, find the pair that are the furthest apart from each other. Add the pair of instances to the list of centroids and remove Centroidmax from the list. The algorithm thus alternates traditional k-means clustering with a step that adds new clusters to the pool of existing ones. Used for coreference resolution, it splits up the instances into clusters in which the instances are more similar to each other than to instances in other clusters. As functions that check for compatibility return negative values while positive distances indicate incompatibility, a threshold of 0 would separate compatible and incompatible 44 Recall Precision F-Measure Gold Standard Entities 78 88. Unfortunately, due to corpus difclustered together, and used a threshold of r = 1 ferences, we cannot conduct a comparison with to allow for possible errors. An interesting observation is the fact that the 5 Evaluation heuristic-based entity recognizer achieves better performance than the one based on statistical Evaluation of coreference resolution systems has parsing. The parser is trained on the Chinese traditionally been performed with precision and Penn Treebank, which tends to have relatively recall. This causes errors at the entity recogR= nition phase, which results in a performance hit (Ci ! For precision, the One interesting question to ask about the results role of the automatic and gold standard clusters is the contribution of any given individual feature to the result of the overall system. The last entry in the table shows the reTable 3 presents the results of our coreference sults of the full system; the drop in performance resolution system on the outputs of both the parswhen a feature is removed is indicative of its ing-based and heuristic-based entity detection contribution. An additional baseline coreference resolution is consistent with findings is generated by implementing a system that asin previous work (Yang et al. To our knowledge, this is the first published result on unsupervised Chinese coreference resolution. Due to differences in data, it is not possible to conduct a comparison of our work with previous results. They formulate the detection subtask as a classification problem using a Robust Risk Minimization classifier combined with a Maximum Entropy classifier. Their system performs significantly well on English, Chinese and Arabic, however, the system suffers from small amount of training data (90K characters for Chinese, in contrast with 340K words for English). The approaches taken have exhibited a shift from knowledgebased approaches to learning-based approaches. Cardie and Wagstaff (1999) re-cast the problem as a clustering task which applied a set of incompatibility functions and 8 Conclusions and Future Work In this paper, we have presented an unsupervised approach to Chinese coreference resolution. Our approach performs resolution by clustering, with the advantage that no annotated training data is needed. We evaluated our approach using a corpus which we developed using standard annotation schemes, and find that our system achieves an error reduction rate of almost 30% over the baseline. We also analyze the performance of our system by investigating the contribution of individual features to our system. The analysis illus- 46 trates the contribution of the new languagespecific features. While the results produced by our system are impressive, it should be noted that all our features consider only the mention phrase itself. In future work, we plan to investigate the use of more sophisticated features, including contextual features, to improve the performance of our system.

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When significant infection is present right heart enlargement/hypertrophy impotence herbal medicine purchase viagra plus from india, pulmonary artery enlargement and tricuspid regurgitation may be seen erectile dysfunction karachi quality 400mg viagra plus. Prevention: Heartworm infection is prevented by the routine administration of a number of macrocyclic lactone preventives fast facts erectile dysfunction purchase viagra plus in india. Uninfected dogs should be maintained on macrocyclic lactone preventives all year-round. Preventives will not only protect dogs against infection but will also diminish the risk of infection in other dogs and secondary spreading of the disease in the population. It is extremely important, however, to do annual antigen testing on dogs receiving preventives to verify that they are not becoming infected despite precautions. Annual testing will ensure that infected dogs are detected and treated as soon as possible. These preventives (+/- additives) vary in their claims against other internal (hookworms, roundworms, whipworms) and external parasites (ticks and fleas) and are available in different formulations (tablets, topicals and injectable preparations). Macrocyclic lactone preventives currently available include: ivermectin (oral), milbemycin oxime (oral), selamectin (topical), and moxidectin (topical or injectable). It is only when the drugs are used at high doses, such as those used to treat mange (50 times higher dose than the heartworm prevention dose), that dogs with the mutation will develop neurological toxicity. Genetic testing for the mutation may be offered to the client if there is significant cause for concern. Dogs with severe pulmonary hypertension and caval syndrome may have worms surgically extracted. Any or all of the following may be medically indicated: corticosteroid therapy, fluid therapy, diuretics, vasodilators, and positive inotropic agents. Dogs receiving a macrocyclic lactone should be maintained on preventive if it is already being administered. If a dog is not receiving a macrocyclic lactone preventive, administration of preventive should be instituted as soon as any severe medical condition has been stabilized. The purpose of preventive use is to prevent infection with new larvae if the dog is bitten by more infected mosquitoes because the treatment with melarsomine for removal of adult worms will not kill newly introduced larvae. Also administering a macrocyclic lactone preventive 2-3 months prior to administering melarsomine will make young worms (<4months) more susceptible to die. Delaying treatment while maintaining dogs on preventives may contribute to selection for resistance, and allows pathology to progress. Infected dogs are staged into 1 of 3 classes based on clinical signs: asymptomatic or mild disease (stage 1), moderate disease (stage 2), or severe disease (stage 3). Stage 1 dogs may not be treated (clinicianґs preference) and melarsomine is the most common adulticide used. This treatment regimen will kill greater than 90% of the worms present and clear a similar percentage of dogs of their infections. The prescribed method for treating Stage 3 dogs is to administer melarsomine dihydrochloride (2. The greater efficacy obtained using the 3-injection regimen developed for Stage 3 dogs makes this approach the treatment of choice for even Stage 1 and 2 dogs. Other, off-label regimens for administration of melarsomine dihydrochloride are not recommended. Melarsomine is not proven effective against heartworms younger than 4 months of age. Because dogs may have been bitten over a period of months by infected mosquitoes, the worms in a dog may be of different ages within a given season, and thus, melarsomine treatment may not be completely effective in all situations. All dogs that are treated with melarsomine should be antigen tested 4-6 months after completing therapy to determine if infection has been cleared. Microfilaricides (if present after treatment with melarsomine) are started 1 month after the adulticide therapy and the dog should be retested in 4 weeks (see treatment protocol attached). It has been demonstrated that repeated macrocyclic lactone administration over a period of time to infected dogs increases the proportion of circulating microfilariae that possess resistance markers. If the "slow kill" method is the only medically acceptable option, microfilariae should be eliminated prior to exposure to preventive doses of macrocyclic lactones. Pretreatment with antihistamines and glucocorticoids is advisable in the face of high microfilariae burdens to minimize potential reactions.

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