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By: M. Hjalte, MD
Associate Professor, Montana College of Osteopathic Medicine
The experimental subjects were all persons of middle age medicine wheel native american buy cheap oxytrol 5 mg online, almost all in a weak and underfed condition symptoms renal failure order oxytrol 5 mg with amex. On principle medicine over the counter buy discount oxytrol, the healthier ones were used as controls, only control number 39 (J. In the first experiments up to 6g hexamethylentetramine were given orally, later despite the much higher concentrations 0. ResuZts the intravenously protected experimental subjects, without exception, all survived the phosgene poisoning with a c. There were no symptoms of pulmonary oedema after intravenous protection even with a c. The cause of this striking difference must be sought in the different resorption of the hexamethylentetramine on the one hand and in the different reaction and the different volume of respiration of the experimental subjects on the other hand. Of four test subjects, the first was protected orally, the second intravenously, the third received an intravenous injection of hexamethylentetramine after the poisoning, in order once more to ascertain the effect of therapeutic treatment, the fourth was not treated at all. The subject protected intravenously remained healthy, and did not show the least signs of dificulties or symptoms, the orally protected subject contracted a slight pulmonary oedema, subsequently bronchopneumonia and pleurisy, from which he recov- ered. One control subject also survived his pulmonary oedema; the second died a few hours later, and the autopsy showed the characteristics of very serious pulmonary oedema. Summary the conclusions of the experiment are impaired by the varying constitutions and the general poor state of nutrition and of physique of the experimental subjects, as well as by the different behavior and the different volume of respiration of the experimental subjects under gas, which was here demonstrated for the first time. But the experiments gave the following decisive conclusions: 1 A previous intravenous injection of 3 grams of hexamethylentet. An endurable quantity of hexamethylentetramine taken prophylactically weakens a fatal poisoning to such an extent that it can be overcome without treatment. Nonfatal but nevertheless oedema-producing poisonings are made positively ineffective by intravenous application, and are weakened by oral application. The oral application of hexamethylentetramine is no longer effective against phosgene poisoning of a c. The dosis Zetdis minima (minimum lethal dose) based on these experiments cannot yet be determined with certainty. Some of the protected experimental subjects who did not develop oedema of the lungs remained completely healthy, others suffered from slight bronchitis with a brief fever. During their activity in the Nateweiler concentration camp, they are to be provided with accommodations and board. The transfer of two prisoners from the group which has been trained on the microtome for pathological research in the Buchenwald concentration camp is requested. I t is furthermore requested, that a younger physician be assigned to assist the camp medical officer, S S Hauptsturmfuehrer Dr. The experiments which are to be performed 0 1 prisoners are to 1 be carried out in four rooms of an already existing medical barrack. I n accordance with attached plan of the construction management at Natzweiler, I request that necessary orders be issued to same to carry out the reconstruction. All the expenses arising out of our activity a t Natzweiler will be covered by this office. Walther Schieber, a t present in Nuernberg, Justice Prison, have been duly warned that I am liable to punishment if I make a false statement. I affirm under oath that my deposition corresponds to the truth and was made to be offered in evidence before Military Tribunal No. During the summer of 1944, Professor Karl Brandt informed me during discussions concerning the execution of the especially urgently operated Brandt-and defense-program against chemical warfare agents that he was having considerable di5culties in procuring animals which were needed for test purposes concerning the effect of the top chemical warfare agents and for which he had requests from testing office. For this, the armament office offered approximately 200,000 Swiss francs, and after my resignation as Chief of the Armament Supply Office in October 1944 from the Speer Ministry I made strenuous efforts, together with Professor Karl Brandt, to have a large number of animals brought by extremely difficult air transportation from Spain to Germany. Otto Ambros, a t present in Nuernberg, Justice Prison, having been duly informed that I shall render myself punishable if I submit a false afidavit, declare under oath that my statement is true and was made for presentation in evidence to Military Tribunal No. Farben and had to work on chemical warfare agents and protective agents, and can therefore state the following: I got into touch with Professor Dr. On that occasion Professor Brandt told me he had to take an interest in chemical warfare agents and countermeasures.
Research in colleges and universities increased by 50 percent medications 7 rights oxytrol 2.5mg with mastercard, and the endowed research institutes (which were primarily devoted to medicine allergies discount oxytrol online amex pure research) declined by nearly 15 percent symptoms stomach cancer discount oxytrol 5 mg fast delivery. It may be concluded, therefore, that since governmental and industrial expenditure is growing so rapidly, relative to that of the universities, generous support to university research is essential if the proportion of pure to applied research is to be maintained at anything like the previous relationship. This support will have to include substantial expenditures for capital facilities. The great decline in capital outlays of privately supported institutions is very striking. Nevertheless, a considerable amount of new investment will have to be undertaken after the war. There can be no doubt that such new construction could constitute one of the most productive kinds of public and private investment. Idle scientific talent and a retarded rate of scientific and technological progress have been the usual result of economic depression. Steady maintenance of a generally high level of production and employment would naturally obviate the necessity of special stabilization policies in respect to research and technological development. In the period of postwar transition and possible temporary recession, however, increased governmental expenditure may be necessary in order to offset the probable reduction of research activities in industry and in privately financed universities. It is urged, therefore, that any national scientific foundation that is established should, as far as is consistent with sound and equitable policy, increase its grants for research in periods of depression. The advent of the agricultural and engineering schools has also increased university interest and responsibility in the field of applied research and development. Several factors combine to emphasize the appropriateness of universities for research. The university as a whole is charged with the responsibility not only of maintaining the knowledge of the past and imparting it to students but of contributing to new knowledge of all kinds. The scientific worker is thus provided with colleagues who, though they may represent widely differing fields, all have an understanding and appreciation of the value of new knowledge. The long struggle for academic freedom has provided our universities with the means of protecting the scientist from many of the immediate pressures of convention or prejudice. The university at its best provides its workers with a strong sense of group solidarity and security, plus a substantial degree of personal and intellectual freedom. Both are essential in the development of new knowledge, much of which can arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs and practices. PresentStatusorPureResearchinAmericanUniversities the rapid expansion of university education in this country during the present century is encouraging, but it is wise to remember that a large part of this increase has been devoted to undergraduate departments and was especially designed to meet increased teaching responsibilities. More than any other country in the world, the United States has undertaken to provide higher education on a broad base. There has been an even more remarkable percentage rate of growth in the number of students taking postgraduate courses in American universities. Development of research has not, however, paralleled this rapid expansion in teaching. BackgroundsandTrendsof FinancialSupporttoUniversities the support of our large private universities and colleges has come mainly from endowment gifts and foundation grants. The prodigious growth of our public institutions has been supported by appropriations from the various legislatures. Since 1929 fundamental changes in the American tax and income structure and decline in interest rates have slowed down the rate of new private gifts and endowment earnings. At the same time research has become increasingly expensive and many State legislatures are finding it difficult to provide adequate support for such activities in their universities. The science departments of universities have found it necessary, in view of the decrease in gifts by individuals, to rely more upon industrial corporations for assistance. This may imply the distortion of university research in the direction of short-range problems at the expense of more fundamental research. Also the freedom of the university scientist may be decreased by the introduction of some degree of commercial control. Undoubtedly, if proper safeguards are maintained, cooperative research performed for industry in universities can be expected to increase in the future to the advantage of both parties concerned.
I n Dachau treatment 99213 buy oxytrol 5mg visa, he said treatment of lyme disease generic oxytrol 5 mg otc, he had also registered electrocardiograms when there were executions by shooting medications that cause tinnitus order oxytrol. If he really had evali~ated this material together with a heart specialist, all then it woald, of course, have been quite valuable. The low-pressure chamber was removed from Dachau earlier than intended at our instigation. This letter, no doubt, says that the chamber was removed from Dachau in May, while the prosecution alleges that the experiments continued until August. But hardly has the first phase of the cold experimentsthe series with Holzloehner-been finished, when he writes to Himmler again on 9 October. The definite request for the low-pressure chamber, which is expressed in this letter, is given definite emphasis by mention of the opposition of the Luftwaffe doctors. I learned from a telephone call froni Sievers, m7lLich he mentioned in his testimony, that he was to buy a low-pressure chamber for Rascher on behalf of Himmler. Then I informed Ruff of this call and he had Becker-Freyseng take further steps, as he snid here yesterday. Even if I had had any legal obligations to prevent him by force, if I had had any obligations to attack Rascher and if I had tried and been unsuccessful, then I would have been locked up o r killed and Rascher would have been able to continue his experiments for a long time without any restriction. At that time, was there any possibility in Germany to resist, and in what did you see such possibility? As far as the direct question of prevention-is concerned, I would like to say something more. But could you not have filed charges, for example, with the police or with the public prosecutor, against Rascher? Introduction the defendants Karl Brandt, Handloser, Schroeder, Gebhardt, Xudolf Brandt, Mrugowsky, Poppendick, Sievers, Becker-Freyseng, and Weltz were charged with special responsibility for and participation in criminal conduct involving freezing experiments (par. On this charge the defendants Handloser, Schroeder, Rudolf Brandt, and Sievers were convicted. The defend- ants Karl Brandt, Gebhardt, Mrugowsky, Poppendick, BeckerPreyseng, and Weltz were acquitted. A corresponding summation of the evidence by the defense on these experiments has been selected from the closing briefs for the defendants Sievers and Weltz. This argumentation is followed by selections from the evidence on pages 219 to 278. He stated: "It was also decided that the inspector [Hippke] would issue orders to me at all times during the experiments. They were performed by Holzloehner, Finke, and Rascher, all of whom were officers in the Medical Service of the Luftwaffe. As Rascher said in a paper on his medical training: "By order of the Reich Leader S S and Generaloberstabsarzt Professor Dr. The witness Neff, who was an inmate assistant in thk experiments, testified that freezing experiments in the concentration camp Dachau started at the end of July or in August 1942. I n October, Holzloehner and Finke left and Rascher proceeded alone to conduct freezing experiments until May 1943. Rascher, Holzloehner, and Finke used icecold water for their freezing experiments. The experimental subjects, either dressed in a flying suit or naked, were placed into the ice water. It always took a certain time until so-called "freezing narcosis" made the experimental subjects unconscious, and the subjects suffered terribly. The temperature of the victims was measured rectally and through the stomach t)y galvanometer. The experiments actually progressed until the experimental persons were chilled down to 25" C. An experiment on two Russian officers who were exposed naked to the ice-cold water in the basin was particularly brutal.
Cardinal Farnese once summoned both men to 340b medications order oxytrol australia Rome as consultants to medicine that makes you poop order oxytrol with a mastercard advise for a personal illness medicine university oxytrol 2.5mg with visa, but Montanus generally had a better reputation as a doctor in Verona having been the personal physician of Cardinal de Medici in Bologna in 1533. Vivian Nutton has detailed how first Montanus and then Fracastoro strongly attacked explanations of the occult consistent with a physicians admission of ignorance. Montanus ideas on contagion were not put into print until his death in 1551, and his own Morbo de Gallico was not published until 1566. Fernel also exposed the idea that syphilis existed in different states in different people, a precursor to the concept of immunity that Fracastoro elaborated on to a minor extent in De Contagion. His widespread fame for Syphilis perhaps biased retrospective opinions about his importance to medical history. In his time, Fracastoro was not as famous for his medical writings about syphilis, or even ideas about contagion, as Jean Fernel. Fracastoro was also less highly regarded in terms of physician advice to the papal court than Montanus in Italy. Perhaps he was merely arguing for all facets of an idea as was sometimes customary in serious intellectual debates. On the other hand, Fracastoro may have presented intellectual sides of the argument as a precaution against the shifting proving grounds of religious heresy. He was considered more cautious than most lecturers at Padua in trying to avoid absolutist statements contradictory of Church opinion. Ultimately the debate was framed by an urgent need to understand and better treat the terrible epidemic. Fracastoro believed in four humours, but his contagious diseases were independent of humoral balance. His ideas about treatment worked on the seminaria whether the patient was choleric or phlegmatic. It is a kind of paradox that in critiques of Galen, Fracastoro had implored all physicians to rely more on observation. After all, no one had ever seen any seminaria, poisons, or miasma that were being described so graphically, and these ideas were outside the mainstream Greek world of Galen and Hippocratic medical practice. He lived at a time when astrology was gravitating toward astronomy, and alchemy was moving toward modern chemistry. He lived on the cusp of change from natural philosophy to the modern scientific revolution. For a physician like Fracastoro, this meant a remarkable degree of indirect observation, and theorizing about syphilis. Clowes, William (1544-1604), Profitable and necessarie book of observations; Leake, C. Fracastoro, Girolamo (1478-1553), A Sinister Shepherd: a translation of Syphilidis sive, De morbo gallico libri tres (1530), by William Van Wyck. Porter, Roy, the Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity, New York, N. Pelligrini, Francesco, La dottrina Fracastoriana del contagium vivum, Verona, Valdonega 1950, pp. Pelligrini, Francesco, "Frammento inedito di Gerolamo Fracastoro riguardante la pestilenza del 1534-1535. The School of Padua and the Emergence of Modern Science, Padua, Italy, Antenore, 1961. New districts of identical rows of houses built quickly and cheaply to house factory and foundry workers in rapidly growing industrial towns 2. Much poor quality housing-densely packed, with little sunlight and few amenities Air Pollution 1. Dense fog of soot and noxious waste gases covered towns built around iron and steel works 2. Cholera killed many poor people who used water from canals and rivers for cleaning and cooking (57,000 people died in the 183234 cholera epidemic in Great Britain) Noise 1. Disruption for people living around iron works and cotton mills from noisy steam or water-powered machines running day and night 2.
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