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If lasting < 6 months asthmatic bronchitis 18 order 100mcg albuterol otc, it is an acute pain disorder asthma symptoms joint order albuterol with a visa, if lasting > 6 months it is a chronic pain disorder asthma symptoms burning chest generic albuterol 100mcg amex. Factitious Disorders Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Hypochondriasis Body Dysmorphic disorder Pain disorder Undifferentiated Somatoform disorder A patient with factitious disorder consciously creates their symptoms in order to assume the role of the sick patient so they can get medical attention (the motivation however is unconscious). Malingering Disorders Patients with malingering disorder consciously simulate or exaggerate a physical or mental illness for an obvious gain (Money, Care, Avoidance of work). This stage is short, lasting approximately 5% of all sleep time, Theta waves are predominant. This may last from a few seconds to minutes, and may occur up to 30 times per hour. In obstructive sleep apnea, a patient will often complain of excessive daytime sleepiness, and the spouse will complain of very loud snoring. They have a distortion to their body image, which is a driving force behind the excessive dieting. Common adverse effects that occur include: Amenorrhea, Electrolyte disturbances, and severe cases can result in cardiac etiologies. Common findings include enlarged parotid glands, enamel erosion, bruised fingers (from sticking them in the mouth), esophageal varices caused by the pressure of vomiting. The two types of operant conditioning are Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement. Sexual changes such as longer refractory period, delayed ejaculation, slower onset of erection (in men). There are important concepts you must know, and all of the immunologic disorders are fair game on the Step 1 exam. This form of immunization is used when there is a risk of infection and not enough time for the body to develop an ample immune response. When this occurs, the virus cannot infect a cell since the proper genetic materials for this function are absent. As this occurs, severe organ dysfunction ensues, causing damage to the liver, skin, mucosa, and gastrointestinal tract. Hyperacute Rejection: Occurs almost immediately after transplant, whereby preformed anti-donor antibodies cause a response. Chronic Rejection: Occurring months-years post-transplant, is caused by antibody-mediated vascular damage.

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The core role of a corporate governance system is to asthma definition 8 bells purchase albuterol with amex reduce total agency costs asthma definition medical dictionary quality albuterol 100 mcg, thus maximizing the value of the company to asthmatic bronchitis not getting better buy discount albuterol 100 mcg on-line investors. An Introduction to Corporate Governance All this is done to properly distribute rights and responsibilities and thus increase long-term shareholder value: For example, how outside, minority shareholders can prevent a controlling shareholder from gaining benefits through related party transactions, tunneling or similar means. Stakeholders are those individuals or institutions that have an interest in the company. Such an interest may arise through legislation or contract, or by way of social or geographic relationships. Stakeholders include investors, but also employees, creditors, suppliers, consumers, regulatory bodies and state agencies, and the local community in which a company operates. Some commentators also include consideration of the environment as an important entry on the list of stakeholders. The role of stakeholders in governance has been debated in the past, with some arguing that stakeholders have no claim on the enterprise other than those specifically set forth in law or contract. Others have argued that companies fulfill an important social function, have a societal impact and, accordingly, must act in the broad interests of society. This view recognizes that companies should, at times, act at the expense of shareholders. Interestingly, there is a consensus that modern companies cannot effectively conduct their businesses while ignoring the concerns of stakeholder groups. However, there is also agreement that companies which consistently place other stakeholder interests before those of shareholders cannot remain competitive over the long run. A Brief History of Corporate Governance Corporate governance systems have evolved over centuries, often in response to corporate failures or systemic crises. Corporate governance is also concerned with finding ways to encourage stakeholders to undertake socially efficient levels of investment in firm-specific human and physical capital. The competitiveness and ultimate success of a corporation is the result of teamwork that embodies contributions from a range of resource providers including investors, employees, creditors and suppliers. It is, therefore, in the long-term interest of corporations to foster wealth-creating co-operation among stakeholders. The governance framework should acknowledge that the interests of the corporation are served by recognizing the interests of stakeholders and their contribution to the long-term success of the corporation. Therefore, it is in the interest of the company to stimulate productive co-operation with the stakeholders, establish a governance framework to acknowledge the existence of these interests and recognize their importance for the long-term success of the company. An Introduction to Corporate Governance of governance was the South Sea Bubble in the 1700s, which revolutionized business laws and practices in England. There has been no shortage of other crises, such as the secondary banking crisis of the 1970s in the U. The history of corporate governance has also been punctuated by a series of well-known company failures. The early 1990s saw the Maxwell Group raid the pension fund of the Mirror Group of newspapers and witnessed the collapse of Barings Bank. The new century likewise opened with a bang, with the spectacular collapse of Enron in the U. Each of these corporate failures, often occurring as a result of incompetence or outright fraud, was swiftly met by new governance frameworks, most notably the many national corporate governance codes, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the current trend towards imposing stricter regulatory oversight on banking and financial activities in various countries. It is fair to say that, although there is still plenty of room for improvement, the legal and regulatory framework on corporate governance has changed and improved dramatically in recent years. Figure 2 illustrates some highlights in the history of corporate governance, largely from the western world and Vietnam. An Introduction to Corporate Governance 1992: the Cadbury Committee publishes the first code on corporate governance and in 1993, companies listed on the U. Africa) 1994: 1994,1995: Rutteman (on Internal Controls and Financial Reporting), Greenbury (on Executive Remuneration), and Hampel (on Corporate Governance) reports are published (U. The National Assembly of Vietnam adopts the new Law on State Bank and new Law on Credit Institutions. Worldwide, more than 200 codes have been written in some 72 countries and regions. Published in 1999 and revised in 2004, they were developed to provide principle-based guidance on good governance. All shareholders should have the opportunity to obtain effective redress for violations of their rights.

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Codes for Record I500 J189 I634 I (a) Congestive heart failure (b) Pneumonia (c) Cerebral embolism 1-10-99 2-08-99 1-20-99 Code to asthma for kids 100 mcg albuterol for sale congestive heart failure (I500) asthma gerd discount 100 mcg albuterol free shipping, selected by Rule 2 asthma symptoms causes purchase albuterol 100 mcg with visa. The stated date for the condition reported on I(a) predates those reported on I(b) and I(c); therefore, neither is accepted as the cause of the condition on I(a). Two conditions with one duration When two or more conditions are entered on the same line with one duration, the duration is disregarded since there is no way to establish the condition to which the duration relates. I (a) Chronic myocarditis (b) Chronic nephritis (c) with renal failure 2 yrs 2 mos Codes for Record I514 N039 N19 Code to chronic nephritis (N039), selected by Rule 1. Codes for Record I259 I219 I (a) Myocardial ischemia (b) and myocardial (c) infarction 2 yrs Code to I219. Usually the interval between onset of a condition and death should not be used to qualify the condition as "acute" or "chronic. For the purpose of interpreting these instructions: Consider these terms: brief days hours immediate instant minutes recent short sudden weeks (few) (several) longstanding 1 month To mean: 4 weeks or less or acute over 4 weeks or chronic Duration weeks Code for Record I219 I (a) Aneurysm heart (b) (c) Code to aneurysm, heart, with a stated duration of 4 weeks or less, I219. When the interval between onset of a condition and death is stated to be "acute" or "chronic," consider the condition to be specified as acute or chronic. I (a) Heart failure (b) Bronchitis Duration 1 hour acute Codes for Record I509 J209 Code to "acute" bronchitis (J209) since "acute" is reported in the duration block. Code "exacerbation" of a chronic specified disease to the acute and chronic stage of the disease if the Classification provides separate codes for "acute" and "chronic. Acute and chronic Sometimes the terms, acute and chronic, are reported preceding two or more diseases. In these cases, use the term ("acute" or "chronic") with the condition it immediately precedes. Conflict in durations When conflicting durations are entered for a condition, give preference to the duration entered in the space for interval between onset and death. I (a) Ischemic ht dis - 2 weeks Duration years Code for Record I259 Use the duration in the block to qualify the ischemic heart disease. Span of dates Interpret dates entered in the spaces for interval between onset and death that are separated by a slash (/), dash (-), etc. Disregard such dates if they extend from one line to another and there is a condition reported on both of these lines since the span of dates could apply to either condition. Record Date of death 10-6-98 I (a) Aneurysm of heart (b) Duration 10/1/98 - 10/6/98 Codes for I219 Since there is only one condition reported, apply the duration to this condition. The underlying cause is aneurysm, heart, acute or with a stated duration of 4 weeks or less, I219. Record Date of death 10-6-98 I (a) Ischemic heart disease (b) Arteriosclerosis Duration 10/1/98 - 10/6/98 Codes for I249 I709 selected by Apply the duration to I(a). Congenital malformations Conditions classified as congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00-Q99), even when not specified as congenital on the death certificate, should be coded as such if the interval between onset and death and the age of the decedent indicate the condition existed from birth. Female, 45 years Record I (a) Heart failure (b) Stricture of aortic (c) valve Duration Codes for I509 Q230 45 years Code to congenital aortic stricture (Q230) because the interval between onset and death and the age of the decedent indicates the condition existed from birth. Congenital conditions When a sequence is reported involving a condition specified as congenital due to another condition not so specified, both conditions may be considered as having existed from birth provided the sequence is a probable one. I (a) Renal failure since birth (b) Hydronephrosis Codes for Record P960 Q620 Code to congenital hydronephrosis (Q620) since this condition resulted in a condition reported as existing since birth. Do not use the interval between onset and death to qualify conditions classified to categories Q00-Q99, congenital anomalies, as acquired. I (a) Renal failure (b) Pulmonary stenosis Duration 3 months 5 years Codes for Record N19 Q256 Code to Q256, Stenosis, pulmonary. Maternal conditions Categories O95 (Obstetric death of unspecified cause), O960-O969 (Death from any obstetric cause occurring more than 42 days but less than one year after delivery), and O970-O979 (Death from sequela of obstetric causes) classify obstetric deaths according to the time elapsed between the obstetric event and the death of the woman. Category O95 is to be used when a woman dies during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or the puerperium and the only information provided is "maternal" or "obstetric" death. Category O960-O969 is used to classify deaths from direct or indirect obstetric causes that occur more than 42 days but less than a year after termination of the pregnancy. Category O970-O979 is used to classify deaths from direct or indirect obstetric causes which occur one year or more after termination of the pregnancy.

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