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The ordinates are based on design criteria such as span allergy testing mayo clinic cheap fml forte 5 ml mastercard, loading allergy medicine drowsiness buy cheap fml forte 5 ml on line, difference in beam height (hc - h0) as required by roof slope or architectural effect allergy forecast irvine ca generic 5 ml fml forte fast delivery, and maximum allowable deflection, together with material properties. From this, the value of the abscissa can be determined and the smallest beam depth h0 can be calculated for comparison with that given by the design criteria. Conversely, the deflection of a beam can be calculated if the value of the abscissa is known. Tapered beams deflect as a result of shear deflection in addition to bending deflections. Effect of Notches and Holes the deflection of beams is increased if reductions in crosssection dimensions occur, such as by holes or notches. In thoroughly dried beams, small changes in deflection occur with changes in moisture content but with little permanent increase in deflection. If deflection under longtime load with initially green timber is to be limited, it has been customary to design for an initial deflection of about half the value permitted for longtime deflection. If deflection under longtime load with initially dry timber is to be limited, it has been customary to design for an initial deflection of about two-thirds the value permitted for longtime deflection. Water Ponding Ponding of water on roofs already deflected by other loads can cause large increases in deflection. Graph for determining tapered beam size based on deflection under uniformly distributed load. Graph for determining tapered beam size on deflection under concentrated midspan load. Combined Bending and Axial Load Concentric Load Addition of a concentric axial load to a beam under loads acting perpendicular to the beam neutral axis causes increase in bending deflection for added axial compression and decrease in bending deflection for added axial tension. The deflection under combined loading at midspan for pinended members can be estimated closely by (9­7) where the plus sign is chosen if the axial load is tension and the minus sign if the axial load is compression, D is midspan deflection under combined loading, D 0 beam midspan deflection without axial load, P axial load, and Pcr a constant equal to the buckling load of the beam under axial compressive load only (see Axial Compression in Stability Equations section. Equation (9­7) can be applied to find the bending deflection by writing the equation in the form (9­8) where b is the induced bending deflection at midspan and 0 the eccentricity of P from the centroid of the cross section. Short-Block Compressive Stress Equation (9­12) can also be used in compression if the member is short enough to fail by simple crushing without deflecting laterally. Such fiber crushing produces a local "wrinkle" caused by microstructural instability. Bending the strength of beams is determined by flexural stresses caused by bending moment, shear stresses caused by shear load, and compression across the grain at the end bearings and load points. Straight Beam Stresses the stress due to bending moment for a simply supported pin-ended beam is a maximum at the top and bottom edges. The maximum stress is given by (9­13) where fb is bending stress, M bending moment, and Z beam section modulus (for a rectangular cross section, Z = bh2/6; for a circular cross section, Z = pD3/32). The resulting pseudo-stress is called the "modulus of rupture," values of which are tabulated in Chapter 5. Unless the beam is sufficiently short and deep, it will fail in bending before shear failure can develop; but wood beams are relatively weak in shear, and shear strength can sometimes govern a design. For a circular cross section, K is the polar moment of inertia: (9­10) where D is diameter. For a rectangular cross section, (9­11) where h is larger cross-section dimension, b is smaller crosssection dimension, and j is given in Figure 9­3. Local stress concentrations must be separately accounted for if they are to be limited in design. Axial Load Tensile Stress Concentric axial load (along the line joining the centroids of the cross sections) produces a uniform stress: (9­12) where f s is shear stress, V vertical shear force on cross section, A cross-sectional area, and k = 3/2 for a rectangular cross section or k = 4/3 for a circular cross section. Tapered Beam Stresses For beams of constant width that taper in depth at a slope less than 25°, the bending stress can be obtained from Equation (9­13) with an error of less than 5%. It can be determined from the basic theory presented 9­4 Chapter 9 Structural Analysis Equations Figure 9­4. The shear stress at the tapered edge can reach a maximum value as great as that at the neutral axis at a reaction. Consider the example shown in Figure 9­4, in which concentrated loads farther to the right have produced a support reaction V at the left end. In this case the maximum stresses occur at the cross section that is double the depth of the beam at the reaction.

In these cases household survival depends on the income-earning potential of the wife and the children allergy shots and sinus infections buy fml forte with visa. A woman in Ethiopia allergy symptoms landry detergant discount 5 ml fml forte visa, married with six children allergy medicine chlor trimeton fml forte 5 ml on line, has reservations about accepting the representation of households, including her own, as male-headed households. She says, "Although we may take these families to be male-headed, the breadwinners for these households are women. Although he struggles to make money by selling meat he buys from butchers, the source of income for the household comes from kolo [roasted grain], oranges, and bananas sold by one of the daughters (Ethiopia 1998). In economically constrained environments men appear to have great resistance to doing what are often considered demeaning jobs. Women, on the other hand, seem to have greater resilienceand hit the streets and do whatever it takes to keep their families together. Many men react to their loss of power as breadwinner by collapsing into drugs, alcohol, depression, wife-beating, or by walking away. Women may find a new confidence through new economic opportunities, although these may be tenuous; they may expose themselves to risk and take on work in the informal sector in 203 G addition to their household responsibilities. In some cases the employment of women is viewed as a regrettable necessity,and the dream of achievingprosperity includes the hope that daughters will be spared this necessity (Pakistan 1996). At the same time some women feel a sense of empowerment with the chance to take on new roles. In addition, younger women, particularly from urban areas, noted changes in attitudes toward and of women, as well as some changes in gender roles in recent years" (Uganda 1998). What is clear from these studies is that the entire household-women, men, and children-pays a high price for adjusting to new gender roles and deeply held notions of gender identity. Since men still dominate the public space, their involvement is critical in changing institutions. Change is likely when there are alliances between powerful men within organizations and women. And such alliances are more likely to develop if women organize and gain economic power. First, both poor men and women need greater access to economic opportunities, especiallyfor profitable self-employment. This is difficult in an environment of corruption, lack of organizations of the poor, lack of support to battered women, and the breakdown of law enforcement agencies. Second, in order to assist families both women and men need social and psychological support to explore and navigate change that brings into question their worth as human beings. Deeply entrenched social norms will not automatically change with more women entering low paying jobs. Gender relations must become an integral part of all poverty reduction strategies. This has to be reflected in institutional goals, design, incentives, and criteria of success that are monitored and evaluated. Poor women also require access to legal aid and police that protect rather than assault. Discussion of gender issues must include both men 205 and women to increase the probability of less traumatic transition toward gender equity. A poor woman in Uganda suggests: "Women and men should sit at a round table to discuss their rights. The overall result is that girls tend to receive fewer years of formal education than boys do. Similarly,women are less aware of their legal rights, such as their right to own and inherit land (India 1997a). During the rainy seasons he is sometimes 206 unable to go to school if the river which he has to cross floods its banks. Moreover, in many regions girls are required to travel with chaperones or else risk violati,ig social norms. Sexual harassment of girls and women traveling independently reinforces such gender norms. In Pakistan, for example, "fear that girls would be teased or harassed en route to school was a constraint for households that could not spare an adult to accompany the child" (Pakistan 1996).

The tests your doctor may order will help him/her evaluate several factors related to allergy medicine blood pressure purchase fml forte 5 ml on-line your kidney function and overall health allergy forecast miami buy 5 ml fml forte. The tests will answer questions such as allergy symptoms yeast purchase 5 ml fml forte mastercard, what is your current kidney function, what is causing your kidney function to decrease, what treatment options are available to slow the progression of kidney failure, etc. When kidney function is reduced, certain substances begin to build up in the bloodstream. The following blood and urine tests measure changing levels of these substances in the bloodstream and their effect on organ function. Your blood is made up of three basic types of cells: red cells, white cells and platelets. It takes all three types, working together properly, to perform vital bodily functions. Muscle cells undergo wear and tear and their replacement is a normal process, (See below) the serum concentration of creatinjne (in millgrams per 100 milliliters, mg/dL) of blood plasma or serumIt is used as a marker of kidney function. If the kidneys are damaged and not functioning normally, the amount of creatinine in the the serum or plasma increases. Cystatin C is a protein chain that is also sometimes used as a marker of kidney function. In these persons, the serum creatinine may not be able to accurately reflect how the kidneys function, Cystain C is not affected by muscle breakdown and therefore useful in these circumstances. In this test, all of the urine produced in 24 hours is collected and the amount of protein in the urine is measured in the laboratory. Normally there are only small amounts of protein in the urine (less than 150mg/d). More recently we are able to look at the ratio between the urine protein and creatinine levels. If there are altered levels of the following electrolytes in the blood, it may mean the kidneys are not functioning adequately: l Potassium > 3. The tissue is looked at under a microscope to determine the cause of kidney disease. When your doctor recommends a test, ask questions to find out more about the test and what the results of the test will tell your doctor. Some of these formulas are more accurate in older compared to younger individuals. A very small amount of protein (up to about 150mg/d) in the urine is normal, but when elevated above a normal range can indicate kidney damage. If you are a person with diabetes, one of the first signals that you may be experiencing diabetic nephropathy (decreased kidney function) is a slight to moderate increase in urine albumin (albumin is a protein normally present in serum or plasma), usually above 300mg/d to 300mg/d. Consequently, testing urine for the presence of protein or albumin should always be a part of a routine medical exam. The dipstick test only becomes positive when the amount of proteins, mainly albumin, reaches two to four times the levels normally found in urine. In people with diabetes, the first sign of kidney problems is an even lower level of proteinuria, called moderate albuminuria that is too low to be dedicated by a dipstick test. There are also new sensitive dipsticks that detect such low to moderate, but abnormally increased albumin excretion. If the leakage or protein is found, usually over 3,000mg/d the protein and albumin lost may be enough to cause a fall in the level of albumin in the blood. This can cause swelling of the ankles or face and an increase in blood cholesterol levels. The measurement of albumin excretion in the urine is commonly used to assess proteinuria and is known as the albumin excretion rate. When the doctor finds proteinuria, further tests are needed to sort out the cause. Is it caused by diabetes or some other generalized disease that involves the kidneys? In many cases, it may require a kidney biopsy to determine the cause of the proteinuria. After a diagnosis of abnormal abnormal proteinuria or albuminria is made, treatment may be aimed at reducing the amount of leaked protein.

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Make the trough of the feed box at the bottom wide enough to allergy pro cheap fml forte 5 ml on-line hold any hay that may drop allergy wiki safe 5 ml fml forte. If the slatted feeder is not inside of a shelter allergy testing eggs discount 5 ml fml forte overnight delivery, a roof over the feeder may be needed. Keyhole Feeder Keyhole feeders, as the name implies, are structures attached to fencing that allow a goat to eat only when its head is inside the key-hole shaped opening. As forage is stored on the other side of the opening, feed cannot be contaminated. Hay or Forage Can Be Tied In the absence of other feeders, hay can be tied to the pen or on a tree branch to keep the feed off the ground. Water Buckets Water buckets should be clean and filled with fresh water twice daily. Place water buckets low enough to be reached by small animals, but high enough to prevent smaller animals from falling into the bucket and drowning. Water buckets can also be placed outside the pen with access through keyhole openings. Salt Boxes Although some farmers prefer a mineral block, loose mineral salt is best. The container can be a small wooden box or a dry hollow gourd suspended by a rope. The mineral salt should be offered within a covered pen or be protected from rain. Regardless of the material, fences must be designed to prevent goats from jumping or climbing over them and should guard against predators. Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina berteroana are examples of fodder trees that can be used for living fences with the added benefit of providing feed and firewood. Goats can also be controlled with electric fencing, that can be solarpowered or battery-powered. Goats should be watched carefully the first few days they are on a tether to make sure they do not panic and strangle while getting used to being tethered. Be sure to check for any poisonous plants in the surrounding area before tethering. Avoid tethering your goats where other goats and animals have grazed as they may pick up parasites. Electric Fence ­ Crystal Brook Sapling Fence ­ Rwanda Living Fence ­ Rwanda Farm ­ Sterling, Massachusetts Tethering Ties or tethers are used to restrict the movements of a goat to a shaded or browsing area. A running tether consists of a long wire (or rope) that is staked into the ground at both ends and attached to the tether with a ring. As the tether moves across the wire, the goat can forage in a wider, but controlled area. The swivel tether is also valuable in preventing injuries as the tether rope swivels, rather than twisting around the animal. Herding There may be times when you want to herd your goats so they can get different varieties of forage. Her native language is Kaqchiquel, but she has learned some Spanish in order to communicate with institutions and get assistance for her group. She has participated in "passing on the gift" once and is ready to pass-on another offspring. She is waiting for a family close to her because she is so attached to her animals that she does not want them to go far away; she wants to see them grow. She has planted trees like aliso (Ilamo) and palo de pito that grow quickly and provide excellent feed for her animals. The prices for the medicine are much lower when compared with the products sold at clinics. Doсa Antolina set up a revolving fund with the money that every project participant pays to buy new medicine when needed. She has learned to treat common illness in goats and to give recommendations when an animal gets sick. With his recommendations, she has been able to deal with infections, assist in births and care for newborns.