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A single bar graph shows data on a particular variable for a single group (figure 13 anxiety symptoms throat buy luvox no prescription. A multiple bar graph provides data on a particular variable for more than one group (figure 13 anxiety tattoo order luvox pills in toronto. It should not be used when the number of sections exceeds about eight or is less than three anxiety symptoms causes generic luvox 100 mg on line. Pie chart: Circular chart divided into sections in which each section shows the relative magnitude of the element depicted Figure 13. Subject 482 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations Figure 13. A scatter diagram is a graph that plots the relationship of a set of data points by plotting them on a horizontal and vertical axis (figure 13. The better the correlation, the closer the data points will be to the line or curve. A scatter diagram that shows no particular pattern indicates that there is no clear relationship between the two variables. There are two types of tables to consider using in a report: data tables and classification tables (matrices). Data tables It can be useful to present numerical information in tables, called data tables only if the data sets are small (Tufte 1983). Larger data tables generally provide the basis for presenting data in other formats, such as line and bar charts, and are usually put in annexes. As with pictures and illustrations, the audience will not automatically know what to look for in a table. It is helpful if the title of a table describes what they should see and how they can relate the information. A short description of what to see should also be included in the narrative of the report. Whenever presenting data in a table, include the sources of the data and the year in which the data were collected. Eherenburg (1977) summarizes principles to guide the design of tables to present information. When deciding on the format of the table, keep in mind that too many lines (dividing cells of the table) will make it difficult to read. Also, notice that the last row of the table shows the means for the columns with data. Classification tables (matrices) A classification table, or matrix, has a layout that shows how a list of things has been organized according to different factor (table 13. At least two sorting factors indicate similarity or difference among the things that are 484 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations Table 13. Tufte refers to the amount of ink used to present the data themselves as "data ink. Make it easy for the audience to read (set type horizontally if possible, and avoid interference from other elements of the graph). Provide as much scale information as is needed, but include it as unobstrusively as possible. The data labels at the top of each column distract the reader from seeing the patterns. Fear of public speaking can be eased by being well prepared and by practicing a presentation ahead of time. When preparing a presentation, keep the audience in mind, focus on the main messages, and respect the simple time-proven rule "Tell them what you will tell them, tell them, and then tell them what you told them. If you are using a projector and screen, print out a copy of all slides and place them in front of you so that you are never standing with your back to the audience and reading off the screen. They can be presented as slides, overhead projections, poster boards, and handouts.
Brief report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism anxiety joint pain 100 mg luvox with amex. The effects of a developmental anxiety symptoms hot flashes order luvox 100mg without prescription, social-pragmatic language intervention on rate of expressive language production in young children with autistic spectrum disorders anxiety from alcohol purchase luvox australia. The impact of object and gesture imitation training on language use in children with autism spectrum disorder. Teaching the imitation and spontaneous use of descriptive gestures in young children with autism using a naturalistic behavioral intervention. Social intervention for adolescents with autism and significant intellectual disability: Initial efficacy of reciprocal imitation training. Contingent imitation increases verbal interaction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Treatment of children with autism: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate a caregiver-based intervention program in community day-care centers. Preschool-based social communication treatment for children with autism: 12-month follow-up of a randomized trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(2), 188-198. A randomized controlled trial of preschool-based joint attention intervention for children with autism. Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: A randomized controlled intervention study. Longitudinal follow-up of children with autism receiving targeted interventions on joint attention and play. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 51(5), 487-95. Randomized controlled caregiver mediated joint engagement intervention for toddlers with autism. Language outcome in autism: Randomized comparison of joint attention and play interventions. The effects of an early motor skill intervention on motor skills, levels of physical activity, and socialization in young children with autism spectrum disorder: A pilot study. Using perseverative interests to improve interactions between adolescents with autism and their typical peers in school settings. Improving social engagement and initiations between children with autism spectrum disorder and their peers in inclusive settings. Teaching social interaction skills in the integrated preschool: An examination of naturalistic tactics. Intervention targeting development of socially synchronous engagement in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder: A randomized controlled trial. The use of behavior modeling training in a mobile app parent training program to improve functional communication of young children with autism spectrum disorder. Teacher-implemented joint attention intervention: Pilot randomized controlled study for preschoolers with autism. Using teacher-implemented playground interventions to increase engagement, social behaviors, and physical activity for young children with autism. Effects of an early intervention program on preverbal communication in a child with autism: Developmental and behavioral analysis with a multiple-baseline design. The use of a self-directed learning program to provide introductory training in pivotal response treatment to parents of children with autism. Using milieu training to promote photograph exchange for a young child with autism. The effects of enhanced milieu teaching and a voice output communication aid on the requesting of three children with autism. A randomized, controlled trial of a home-based intervention program for children with autism and developmental delay. Teaching paraprofessionals of students with autism to implement pivotal response treatment in inclusive school settings using a brief video feedback training package.
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Some impacts anxiety ridden buy generic luvox online, such as soil erosion anxiety symptoms gastrointestinal buy luvox 50mg mastercard, are a consequence of many direct drivers anxiety symptoms depersonalization discount luvox 100mg without a prescription, whilst others may be driver-specific, so there can be many-to-one and oneto-many links between biophysical drivers, degradation processes and final impacts on ecosystem services {4. Whilst many degradation processes are location specific and a direct consequence of local land management (well established), there is an increasing realization that many degradation impacts are a consequence of global processes and drivers. Removing or mitigating local direct drivers of degradation can be achieved through changing land management practices on a specific parcel of land {4. In these cases, since the on-site restoration cannot change the direct cause of the degradation, the only option is often to either mitigate or reverse the impacts of distant drivers. In general, while interventions are available to restore land, taking action before the land is degraded is more efficient {4. At a regional or global scale, distinguishing the impacts of climate change and variability from anthropogenic degradation remains problematic (unresolved). There are strong interactions between climate variability and human-induced degradation. There is an urgent need to find monitoring methods that can reliably and repeatedly distinguish impacts of climate variability from anthropogenic degradation {4. Land degradation takes place in both natural vegetation and on previously transformed land, so choice of an appropriate baseline against which to assess change is important (unresolved). This is especially relevant when considering impacts on landscape-level processes, including biodiversity loss {4. Transformed land may enhance the provision of specific ecosystem services (such as agricultural crops) at the cost of biodiversity and other ecosystem services (including many regulatory services). Degradation can take place in both natural and transformed land, such as crop fields {4. Furthermore, sustainable land management practices can be applied in both natural land and transformed land to ensure the sustainable provision of ecosystem services. Choosing the baseline against which degradation is measured is therefore critical {4. Natural baselines may be meaningful when, for instance, biodiversity impacts are being considered. However, recent baselines such as the present, 10 or 20 years in the past may be far more relevant when considering zero net land degradation targets, assessing the impact of policy interventions or devising sustainable land management interventions. Restoration and mitigation of degradation without changes in current land use is likely to be more common than attempts to restore landscapes to their natural state. Changes in soil and soil functions occur in almost all forms of degradation with profound but slow impacts on crop production (well established). The soil plays a critical role in supporting plant growth and net primary productivity through the provision of water and nutrients. These functions require maintenance of soil physical structure, a wide range of soil organisms and the prevention of pollution that can result from applications of chemicals. Soil erosion occurs on all non-frozen landscapes, on all continents and in all countries. Generally, erosion is insidious, unrecognizable on an annual basis, but can lead to a total collapse of the cropping and rangeland systems over decades; thus, long-term monitoring is needed. A number of additional factors can alter the biological and hydrological function of soils. An estimated 76 million ha of mostly irrigated land has been lost to salinization {4. An estimated 55 Pg C has been lost from soil organic carbon predominantly from croplands since 1800s (established but incomplete) {4. Croplands can lose 50% or more of the soil organic carbon compared to natural habitats, and many forms of land degradation have negative impacts on soil organic carbon. Although peatlands account for only an estimated 3% of the terrestrial land surface, they are the single biggest store of soil organic carbon. Rangeland degradation, due to a multitude of factors, is occurring (with some exceptions) on all continents with rangelands (established but incomplete).
Once the variables are selected anxiety zoloft order 50 mg luvox with amex, the treatment group and the comparison group can be constructed by matching each person in the treatment group with the one in the comparison group that is most similar using the identified observable characteristics anxiety in teens luvox 50 mg line. The result is pairs of individuals or households that are as similar to anxiety disorder 3000 order luvox online now one another as possible, except on the treatment variable (White 2007). Nonexperimental Designs Simple cross-sectional design A simple cross-sectional design shows a snapshot at one point in time. The subgroups may be based on subgroup characteristics such as age, gender, income, education, ethnicity, or amount of intervention received. The point of this design is to systematically disaggregate the subgroups within the sample so that evaluators can examine them in detail. A cross-sectional survey selects a sample of citizens, intervention beneficiaries, or former intervention participants at one point in time. Sometimes a question may seek to determine the current status of people who participated in an intervention a few years ago. Also used for matching or as covariates-alone or with other matching variables or covariates. Their views could shed light on whether what they learned in the economic empowerment program helped them launch a viable business, what kind of businesses they went into, and whether what they learned in the program was useful for running the business. With limited resources, the evaluators opted to conduct a short survey of recent program graduates (a one-shot design). The survey instrument contained questions on the demographic characteristics of the participants, so that responses could be compared by level of education, age bracket, and ethnicity. Evaluators would use this design to learn how the subgroups compare on variables such as services received, use of services, or opinions of services at a single point in time. The notation for cross-sectional design is written as follows: X O1 O2 O3 " One-shot design A one-shot design looks at a group receiving an intervention at a single point in time after the intervention. One can think of a one-shot design such as a photograph that has the date printed on it. The notation for one-shot designs is written as follows: X O1 268 the Road to Results: Designing and Conducting Effective Development Evaluations One-shot design: Design that looks at a group receiving an intervention at a single point in time after the intervention Causal tracing strategies Many of the strategies for determining whether observed changes are caused by an intervention require a structured and quantitative data collection strategy. For the evaluator who is conducting a rapid assessment or evaluating a very small or new intervention, such strategies may be neither practical nor advisable. Although it is best to choose a strong evaluation design whenever possible, in situations like those described here, a weaker design using causal tracing strategies may be the only option. What options are available when the sample size is small, the data collection strategies are largely open ended, or sophisticated statistical analysis is not feasible The arguments have to do with presenting the logic around causality and are called causal tracing strategies. Causal list inference: We know that a particular outcome is almost always caused by A, B, C, or D. On one occasion, neither B, C, nor D occurred, so we can be almost sure that the cause was A. If the villagers do only A and are successful in getting the elephants to leave, they can almost be sure that blowing whistles makes elephants flee. Modus operandi inference: this technique is useful if more than one possible cause occurred. Say that we know that an outcome is almost always caused by A, B, C, or D and that on this occasion neither C nor D occurred, narrowing the cause down to A or B. In addition, only the characteristic causal chain/modus operandi/telltale pattern of events for A was present. This inference is strengthened if the modus operandi for A is very different from that for B. If the villagers learn from another village that elephants there did not flee when the villagers chased them and ran around kicking up dust, they can be almost sure that the cause of the elephants leaving was blowing whistles. This result is strengthened by the fact that blowing whistles is very different from kicking up dust. Temporal precedence: the observed effect happened only after the intervention began, not before. If the elephants arrived, then the villagers began blowing the whistles, and then the elephants left the village, the villagers can believe there may Selecting Designs for Cause-and-Effect, Descriptive, and Normative Evaluation Questions Causal tracing strategies: Type of nonexperimental design that consists of arguments for causal relationships based on theory of change models and logically ruling out alternative or rival explanations 269 be some connection between blowing the whistles and driving the elephants away. If the villagers were blowing whistles before the elephants came and the elephants still came to the village, then the whistle blowing probably did not cause the elephants to depart.